Drones - A new frontier for Police
The term drone is widely used as
a name given to an unmanned aircraft system which includes a ground control
station, data link, support equipment and a remotely piloted aerial vehicle.
Some other similar terms which are used for drones are Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle
System (UAVS), Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) etc. Thus, drone basically
implies a system that does not carry a human operator, is remotely operated
from ground, is at times expendable or even catered for multiple uses and may
or may not carry a lethal pay load.
The Government of India has
been operating military drones for quite some time. These military drones do
not carry lethal payloads for attacking or neutralizing the enemy forces. The
common knowledge of public regarding drones is largely shaped by the use of
military drones by the US Air Force. The US today has more than 10,000
military drones - carrying out operations in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran,
Syria and other places through their long range Global Hawk, Predator and
Reaper drones.
For the sake of simplicity,
this article will henceforth use the term ‘drone’ only wherever they are
addressed by other names also as UAVS/ UAV/ RPAS etc.
I. Drone Policy in
India
The Directorate General of
Civil Aviation announced a policy on the 27th of August 2018 for
the operation of civil remotely piloted aircraft systems. This policy came
into effect on the 01st of December, 2018 and it has categorized drones
into five different kinds of civil systems as per their weight categories :
§ Nano - Less than or equal to 250 gms.
§ Micro - more than 250 gms to 2 kgs.
§ Small - more than 2 kgs to 25 kgs.
§ Medium - more than 25 kgs to 150 kgs.
§ Large - More than 150 kgs.
Civil aviation requirements are
applicable on all civil remotely piloted aircraft systems. The new policy
talks about a Unique Identification Number (UIN) in order to uniquely
identify any drone. This UIN will be issued through a Digital Sky Platform.
The drones in Nano category and those operated by intelligence and security
agencies are exempted from obtaining UIN.
The new policy also mandates
the requirement of Unmanned Aircraft Operator Permit (UAOP)
which will be required for those using small, medium and large drones. All
such persons should be 18 years of age or older, should have passed the class
10th exam in English and should have undergone practical training.
The new policy is very conscious of the safety requirements by insisting that
all drones, except those in the Nano category, be equipped with horizontal
and vertical positioning system, automatic flight termination mode, returning
to home option, have anti-collision lights, SIM card based real time
tracking, fire resistant UIN and also flight data logging capability. The
Indian Air Force and Airports Authority of India have been given the responsibility
to coordinate and monitor the movement of drones in the entire country. The
loss of any drone is to be immediately reported to local police, BCAS and
DGCA. All drone operations must be done during day time and that too within
the Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) only.
The drone operators, except
those in Nano and Micro category, are required to file their flight plan at
least 24 hours before the actual operations to the concerned authorities and
also inform the local police formations in writing prior to commencement of
their operations.
The policy has listed out
certain restricted areas in metros, near civil airports, defence
installations, international border, sea coasts etc. which are out of bounds
for all drones. No aerial photography or remote sensing can be carried out in
these areas. In case any violations are noticed, DGCA can suspend the UIN or
approach police for the registration of a police case under appropriate
provisions of Indian Penal Code, Aircraft Act- 1934 or Aircraft Rules- 1937-
as the case may be.
Task Force
The Government of India has
also constituted a Task Force to come up with a road
map for further development of Drone/ UAV technology in the country. This
task force comprises of government officials, industry experts and certain
special invitees depending upon their area of specialization. This task force
was formed on the 11th of April, 2018 - has its headquarters in
Ministry of Civil Aviation, New Delhi- and was to submit its report within
six months. Their recommendations will apply to Central Government, State
Government, industry and other research institutions.
Past Policies
Historically speaking, the
first policy in India to talk about civil remotely operated aircraft systems
came up in the year 2014. This policy talked about the civilian use of drones
in the field of agriculture, natural calamities, survey of infrastructure as
in power lines, pipelines, aerial mapping etc. and also talked about the
rapid spread of such systems for recreational and entertainment purpose. A
public notice was issued by the DGCA on 07th of Oct 2014 which
talked of the large civilian use of drones within the country and warned
about the dangers of unregulated operations. Civilian operations of all drones
were restricted unless they had approval from Defence, MHA, security agencies
or the DGCA. To take matters forward and to involve all stake holders the
Ministry of Civil Aviation published Civil Aviation Requirements on the
civilian use of drones on 02nd of November, 2017 and invited suggestions
from all stake holders before a final policy was put in place. These draft
regulations were almost on similar lines to the policy that was announced on
the 27th of August, 2018.
In India the civilian sector
has seen an increasing use of drones in agriculture, exploration, mining,
sports, photography and other areas. The use of drones in India has increased
considerably for recreation and industrial purpose and today a variety of
different models are easily available on e-commerce sites as Flipkart,
Amazon, Indiamart, Snapdeal, OLX, Paytm mall etc. Today drones made by
Chinese and French companies have flooded the Indian market. Chinese company
DJI alone has 75 percent market share of the civilian drone global market. A
recent report by Goldman Sachs talks about the global spending on UAV’s in
the next five years to be reaching approximately 100 billion US dollars.
II. Drone Policy in other Countries
USA
The
Drone policy of USA is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (www.faa.gov/uas).
Separate rules exist for Recreational hobbyists, Commercial drone fliers and
Educational users. The Commercial operators need to be registered with the
FAA and must also possess a Remote Pilot certificate to fly drones. Their height
limit is restricted to 400 ft and speed to less than 100 mph. Drones in USA
can fly during daytime only and that too within the visual line of sight.
Recreational drone fliers are exempted from having a Remote Pilot
certificate, but need to comply with other conditions. Certain No fly
zones have been laid down for all types of fliers.
Israel
Drone
flying in this country is controlled by the Civil Aviation Authority of
Israel (www.en.caa.gov.il).
Separate rules have been laid down for Recreational and Commercial drone users.
A commercial operator needs a license to fly whereas the hobbyists are
exempted from this. However all drone fliers must fly below 50m height, only during
the daytime and within the visual line of sight only. No fly zones have
been earmarked by the CAAI.
France
The
French Civil Aviation authority (www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr)
has set the rules for flying of drones in the country. All drones of weight
800 gms or more need to be registered on a public portal- Alpha Tango- and the
unique registration number given must be prominently displayed on the drone.
Commercial drone pilots must pass a theoretical exam and also undergo basic
training. Drones must not be flown over people and private property and must
stick to the height limit of 150 mts. Only day flying is permitted and that
too in the visual line of sight only.
UK
Civil
Aviation Authority of UK (www.caa.co.uk) regulates the flying
of drones in UK. Registration of drones and online safety tests for drone
pilots will become mandatory from 30th Nov 2019. A height limit of
400 ft has been set and the drones are to keep a minimum distance of 50 m
from people and property to cater to privacy issues. A separate category of Tethered
drones and those weighing more than 20 kg have also been mentioned in the
policy which are governed by a different set of rules. Clearly demarcated No
fly zones have been listed to ensure safety and security of important
places and the local police has been empowered to seize drones and penalize
them for violating laid down rules.
China
Drone
flying in China is governed by the Civil Aviation Administration of China (www.caac.gov.cn).
Any drone weighing more than 250 gms has to be registered after which it gets
a QR code which is to be displayed on the drone for identification. Drones
flown for commercial purpose need a license issued by CAAC. The maximum
altitude permitted is 120 mts and anything flown higher than this requires a
commercial license. No fly zones have been earmarked and flying is
permitted only within the Visual line of sight.
Japan
The
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (www.mlit.go.jp/en/koku/uas.html)
regulates the flying of drones which weigh more than 200 gms. These are
permitted to fly during daytime and that too within the visual line of sight
only. Limitations are placed on their flying in densely populated areas and
in areas designated as No fly zones. Current rules do not permit
carrying of hazardous materials and dropping of objects from drones.
III. Areas of interest
for Police
The following are areas where
drones are being extensively used. These areas can be of vital interest for
the Law Enforcement authorities as the role played by the drones directly
affects the safety, security and well being of the citizens of the country
and also has a bearing on the Law of the land. Some interesting areas are -
(1) Urban
Policing – City based
police forces in India have been using drones for traffic management, tackling
law and order situations and also for crime control. Drones are being used for
controlling and diverting traffic to ensure smooth traffic flow and also to
keep an eye on emerging law and order situations. These have been found to be
very useful in keeping an eye on the trouble creators/ mischief mongers in law
and order situations by providing incontrovertible photographic evidence from
a safe distance. Hi-Tech police command and control centers are these days using
drones to fly over crime prone areas at designated times to keep an eye on
the general situation in the area thereby thus proving to be a deterrent for criminals
and anti-social elements, lest they be caught by the ‘camera in the sky’.
(2) Jungle operations -
Drones have also
been found to be very useful in anti- insurgent/ Maoist operations in
jungles, hilly terrain and forests by providing that ‘eye in the sky'. These drones fly high and are able to give a
bird's eye view of the exact dangers lurking beyond the line of sight to
prepare the troops for any exigency. These help in making operations more
predictable, safe and secure. These can also give the exact location of the enemy
hiding ahead and thereby giving the police forces that extra information to
counter the threat successfully.
(3) Border patrol – Police forces manning the border areas
are using drones to check illegal infiltration and cross border smuggling. These
have been found to be very useful in keeping an eye on any suspicious
movements on the border at all times of day and night. This kind of a usage on
the one hand saves on manpower and at the same time provides accurate video graphic
evidence of any untoward movement thereby preparing the border force to
counter any nefarious designs in a pro-active manner.
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(4) Disaster relief – Police forces have been using drones in
times of natural and man-made disasters. These systems are designed to enable police
to locate and reach stranded people, by reducing the time taken to activate rescue
operations, send immediate food and relief material and thereby making the
difference between their life and death. Such drones were used during floods in
Kedarnath, Srinagar, Chennai, Kerala and cyclone in Odisha etc. Police and
fire-fighting agencies have also been using drones in cases of man-made
disasters as fire in multistoried buildings, building collapse etc. Drones have
also kept a strict vigil to prevent any kind of mishap or disaster as was done
during Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj recently.
(5) Passenger Drones - A number of firms the world over
have been experimenting with passenger drones that can be used like an ordinary
car or even summoned with a smartphone app. A number of firms as Airbus,
Bell, Workhorse and Joby Aviation in US, EHang in China, Aeromobil in Slovakia
and Lilium and Volocopter in Germany have been experimenting with passenger
drones for some time. Safety is a primary concern herein and so these drones
are equipped with a number of extra safety features as back-up manual controls,
extra fuel for emergency and even parachutes for exigency. Test flights of such
passenger carrying drones have already been carried out in Dubai. The
government in Dubai plans to see 25% of Dubai's entire traffic to be done by
such driverless vehicles by 2030. Police needs to keep an eye on this kind of
development as these drones will fill up the sky and create a ‘traffic jam up there too’. New traffic
rules will have to be thought of to regulate the flight path, flight times and
ensure safe travel of these piloted/ driverless drones.
(6) Underwater drones – From airborne to underwater
drones. An entirely new field has come up of having more ‘eyes in water'. These drones are being used by police in some
countries to locate capsized boats, missing/drowned persons, underwater
obstacles and other lurking dangers below water surface. An interesting
difference between airborne and underwater drones is that since the radio waves
are not able to travel underwater, hence these drones are normally tethered
by a long cable. Such drones are being used by defense forces for carrying
surveillance in coastal areas on underwater submarines and other spy devices
which enemies may plant in or around the land or ships of another
country.
(7) Illegal Mining – Police and revenue authorities
are using drones to study topography of the mining areas to decide on the exact
area and the title status regarding the extent of mining that can be done.
Drones are being used to reach the exact spot where illegal mining and blasting
is being carried out to assess the exact amount violation being done and the
amount of material being dug out. The drones are able to show exactly the
amount of illegal mining that has been done and the extent of penalty that can
be levied. All this can be done safely, with accuracy and also in a discreet
manner.
(8) Medical relief – There are times when the Police
department creates a ‘Green corridor’
in an emergency situation when the life/ lives of people are at stake and vital
organs have to be sent to a distant place. The entire objective of this
exercise to provide a quick, safe and non-stop passage for an ambulance
carrying vital organs to the hospital where the patient is admitted.
Some agencies have found drones to
be particularly useful in Rwanda in Africa to drop off packages of blood for
transfusion and also deliver vaccines and other life saving medicines to remote
and far flung areas. This approach is useful in countries with inadequate
infrastructure, inhospitable terrain and poor road network. Valuable, important
and life saving drugs can be moved quickly, safely and cheaply obviating the
requirement for expensive packaging, need for refrigeration and even security
issues.
IV. Drone usage - Other
areas
(i) Sports - Drone racing is a new sport that has caught everyone’s
fancy. The World Drone Prix conducts drone racing and offers cash prizes
amounting to approximately 1 million dollars. World Organization of Racing
Drones (WORD) is the organization behind this idea and it has held races
in Dubai and Hawaii. This involves the use of a remote control to operate and
fly drones. This racing is of two kinds - freestyle and track racing. Freestyle
involves a person to fly his drone in the most adventurous and thrilling manner
in a stipulated time limit. Track racing, on the other hand, means flying the
drone on a predefined track for a fixed number of laps in the shortest possible
time. Experts claim that the drone racing market, estimated at $ 500 million
today, is likely to reach $ 3 billion by 2020.
(ii) Internet from sky - Facebook has already tested the flying of Aquila drones at about 60- 90 thousand feet up in the sky which will beam Internet to people on earth. A fleet of such solar powered drones is expected to beam Internet from space and ensure non-stop connectivity across the globe. These pilotless drones will weigh about 1000 pounds, have a wingspan larger than a Boeing 747 and will be controlled by a ground station crew. The idea behind this concept is to provide Internet connectivity to almost 4 billion people who are today in far flung areas which are the 'dark zone' for Internet.
(iii) Agriculture - Today drones
are also being used for monitoring the variability in crops, deciding the
optimal level of irrigation, pesticides and fertilizer mix for the crops.
These drones are fitted with multispectral cameras- sensitive to specific
wavelengths of light. These enable them to detect health related changes in
plants before they are visible to naked eyes. Such multispectral photography
also helps in finding out the disease likely to affect the crops and assess
the correct yield in a season. Since all these results are available in a
much faster and scientific manner than ever before, it leads to savings in
time and input costs, leading to improved yields in agriculture, revenue and
better profits for the farmers.
(iv) Urban
development – A number of issues in urban development can be successfully tackled using this
technology– ensuring balanced development of any area, planning out expansion
of city by correct assessment of topography and natural resources, ensuring
optimal allocation of available budget, correct placement of public
utilities, checking for encroachment/ illegal construction etc.
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(v) Media - Journalists in US, UK, Russia, France, India and a
number of other countries are using drones to capture photographs of
celebrities, VIP’s, important events etc. from unheard of angles, inaccessible
and unsafe places, which otherwise would take a long time to reach. Journalists
are acting as remote-control-pilots and covering riotous situations, natural
and man-made disasters and at times also intruding into the privacy of
celebrities and other well-known persons to beam photographs that would not
have been possible earlier. They have found that this option is much cheaper,
faster and safer than hiring of helicopters and airplanes.
(vi) Oil and Gas industry - Drones are being used to look for leakages in oil and gas pipelines. They are also able to check for pilferage or theft of oil being done from over ground pipelines. Drones are also being used to service off -shore oil and gas platforms by permitting dropping of supplies in all weather conditions without risking human pilots. Underwater drones are being used by oil companies to carry out underwater inspection of oil rigs in the sea to check for any damage, fault or acts of espionage and also to check inside of oil tanks for damage or cracks in order to pre-empt any damage or oil spill.
(vii) Power industry – These companies are using drones
to do a quick check on any damage to power lines, solar panels and windmills
without exposing the linesman to any risk and thereby saving on time and costs.
(viii) Delivery services - Google and Amazon have already
been testing delivery of packages to consumers by drones. However, the
regulation that the drone operators have a line
of sight contact with the drone comes in way of full-scale commercial
operations. Experts in this area have suggested that a low altitude air space can be carved out for drones exclusively so
that it falls out of the line of manned aircraft and low flying helicopters.
This kind of a provision can go a long way in enabling delivery of goods by
enabling drones to fly over highly populated areas, thus saving on time and
costs.
(ix) Space - Drones have been used in the International Space Station since 2006. This drone called SPHERE (Synchronized, Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental satellite) is a 30cm cube which uses jets of carbon dioxide to propel itself In the Space Station. NASA is currently planning to introduce a new kind of drone called Astrobee in the Space Station which will compress air available onboard and use it for propulsion. It will be able to relieve the astronauts of routine tasks and will form the virtual eyes for scientists at the ground station to keep track of things that have gone missing or have changed their places in the space station because of zero gravity.
(x) Use in Defence - US armed forces have been using
drones since 2002 in Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, Somalia and
Pakistan. The US Army uses long range drones as Predator, Reaper, Puma, Global
Hawk, Raven etc. which can fly non-stop for over 24 hours at heights of over
30,000 ft and can fire missiles with amazing precision. To counter the attack
of these military drones, ISIS has also started using drones to counter the US
threat. All this has led the US to adopt new strategies and technology to
counter such attacks.
(xi) Military Drones in India - The Indian Air Force today has Israeli Harop
killer drones which can act as kamikaze drones. The forces also
have Israeli Heron and Searcher-II drones which undertake combat missions and
carry out routine surveillance. The Indian government has been in recent talks
with the US government to procure combat drones armed with missiles and capable
of flying for over 25 hours. The US government has recently cleared the sale of
22 Guardian drones to India and the country is also on course to buy another 10
Heron drones from Israel.
(xii) Other areas (Insurance, Banking, Environment)- There are a number of other areas where the
usage of drones is picking up or can be thought of to save time, money and boost
efficiency in the system. The Insurance sector can use drones to
assess the damage at any site without actually reaching the site or at places
which are difficult to reach. Banking sector can make use of
these to quickly restock the ATM’s which are in far and inaccessible areas. Multispectral
cameras onboard can be used to check pollution levels in lakes
and rivers without the requirement for physically going to each of the suspected
spots. The Forest department has been using drones to keep an eye
on poachers, clamp down on poaching and even red flag encroachment areas in the
forest.
V. Anti Drone Technologies
The sheer versatility of
drones have made them an attractive tool in the hands of anti-social and
anti-national elements. As a result there is no dearth of rogue drones up
there in the sky. Radioactive material landing on the roof of Japanese Prime
Minister's office in Tokyo, French nuclear plants being surveyed by unknown drones,
drone crashing in White House lawns, criminals using drones to send drugs,
mobile phones and weapons into the prison are few such examples. Drones were
used to conduct reconnaissance of Reau prison, in the outskirts of Paris, to
study the security set up, after which the famous criminal Faid escaped in a
helicopter.
Trials have been conducted of
anti-drone systems to counter the rogue fixed-wing planes as well as quad-copters.
Techniques as listening and identifying the sound of incoming drones, using
thermal imaging cameras for identification, flooding the radio frequency in
which the drone is operating so as to cancel out its signal are being tested.
Techniques have also been developed to hijack or take over the controls of
incoming drone. More basic techniques as shooting down an incoming drone or
catching it and retrieving it in a net have also been thought of to destroy
rogue/enemy drones whose threat is very real today. Terrorists have also been
talking about delivering bombs and other payloads as nerve gases through drones
in crowds and heavily populated places to kill people and spread panic. Some of the technologies being used the world over are -
(a) Drone gun – This gun looking contraption jams the radio/GPS/ mobile signal between
the drone and the pilot and is able to ground the suspect UAV. This weapon,
designed in Australia, has an effective range of about 2 kms.
(b) ATHENA – This weapon targets big drones by firing a high energy laser beam which
completely destroys the enemy drone. The full form of this weapon system is Advanced
Test High Energy Asset. This has been tested by the US Army.
(c) Drone Catcher – There are times when it would be desirable to bring down the suspect
drone safely so that all incriminating evidence can be preserved, studied and
then used at a later date. This system comprises of a drone which approaches
the enemy drone, locks onto it and then catches the enemy drone by throwing a
net around it.
(d) Skywall 100 – This system is the grounded version of the Drone catcher. The ground-
based gun fires a net at the suspect drone and then brings down the suspect
drone safely using a parachute. The effective range for this drone is about 100
mts.
(e) Sky Fence – This system uses a range of signal disruptors geared to jam the flight
path of the suspect drones and prevent them from entering secure and sensitive
places and VITAL installations.
(f) Drone Malware – This technique implies hacking of the suspect drone by planting of a
malware remotely, taking control of its software and pilot and thereafter
taking it in custody.
(g) Use of Eagles – The Dutch started using this technique to pluck out enemy drones from
the air. The eagles because of their big wingspan, keen eyesight and sharp
talons were quite successful in this, but due to inconsistent behavior of the
birds this technique has of late been shelved.
Anti-drone technologies
are being experimented with in India also. In 2018 the Government invited a
number of local and foreign players to exhibit their technologies in this vital
area. The idea was to set the ball rolling so that appropriate mechanisms can
be put in place to counter the threat of rogue drones. A number of government
agencies as Ministry of Civil Aviation, Pawan Hans Limited, IAF, CISF, NSG, DRDO
etc. participated in the process along with local and foreign firms to decide
on the technology best suited under Indian conditions.
VI. Conclusion
With a draft Policy in place, it is only a
matter of time before flying of RPA’s/drones becomes legal in India. There are
thousands of drones which are already being operated by different players in
the country for sports, recreational and commercial purpose. All these will
have to incorporate the latest provisions given in the new Policy to ensure
that matters related to licensing, flying and safety are adhered to. The
opportunities are endless and there is no dearth of creativity on ground. It
remains to be seen as to how people take to this policy and explore newer areas
for drone usage. The Government also needs to keep its ears on the ground and
ensure that the Policy remains dynamic and is able to cater to the demands of
the industry and end users by regularly incorporating newer provisions in the
policy. All this will open up newer areas and ensure goods and, maybe even passengers
are transported faster, cheaper and safer. Technology will help make quicker
assessments for optimal decision making to reduce the down time in critical
infrastructure, energy supply and open up newer areas for exploration of ground-based
minerals and energy supply. Such a scenario can ensure a win-win situation for
the different industries and the government.
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Abstract of Article
Remotely Piloted Aircraft
systems or UAV’s or Drones are being used the world over for a variety of
purposes today. Made popular by the usage of drones for combat purpose by the
US Air Force, drones today are being used extensively by governments,
individuals and corporates in law enforcement, agriculture, mining, oil and gas
industry, sports, media, for delivering packages and might even begin to carry
passengers in the near future.
The government of India
has lately come out with a new Policy to govern the flying of drones in the
country. This policy aims to regulate the operations in a manner to ensure a
high level of safety for the aviation sector while at the same time
facilitating commercial usage of drones also. The possibilities of usage of
drones are endless and will only be limited by the creative potential of its
users. However, along with the right kind of users, another category of rogue
users has also come forth who are coming up with anti-social, nefarious and
negative uses of this technology. To counter all this a number of Anti-Drone
technologies have also evolved. How the government is able to keep a tab on all
the creative churnings in this area by tweaking its policy at regular
intervals, only time will tell. But the fact remains that this new technology
is indeed a game changer and its right usage can not only cut down on time and
costs but also help in optimal decision making.
( 247 words )
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******
Author
Pankaj Kumar Singh
IPS ( Raj
: 1988 )
Additional Director General of Police, Rajasthan
Jaipur, RAJASTHAN.
( Published in the Apr- June 2019 issue of "The Indian Police Journal", publication of BPR&D)
